Velocity 的应用示例

2004-03-09 10:22

 

Velocity 的应用示例

 

关键字:Java, JSP, Servlet, template, 模板, Apache, Jakarta, Velocity

读者要求:了解 Java Servlet 基本概念

Velocity 是一个基于 Java 的通用模板工具,来自于 jakarta.apache.org 。

Velocity 的介绍请参考 Velocity -- Java Web 开发新技术。这里是它的一个应用示例。

这个例子参照了 PHP-Nuke 的结构, 即所有 HTTP 请求都以 http://www.some.com/xxx/Modules?name=xxx&arg1=xxx&bbb=xxx 的形式进行处理。例子中所有文件都是 .java 和 .html , 没有其他特殊的文件格式。除了 Modules.java 是 Java Servlet, 其余的 .java 文件都是普通的 Java Class.

所有 HTTP 请求都通过 Modules.java 处理。Modules.java 通过 Velocity 加载 Modules.htm。 Modules.htm 有页头,页脚,页左导航链接,页中内容几个部分。其中页头广告、页中内容是变化部分。页头广告由 Modules.java 处理,页中内容部分由 Modules.java dispatch 到子页面类处理。

1) Modules.java


import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import org.apache.velocity.*;
import org.apache.velocity.context.*;
import org.apache.velocity.exception.*;
import org.apache.velocity.servlet.*;
import commontools.*;

public class Modules
  extends VelocityServlet {
  public Template handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request,
                 HttpServletResponse response,
                 Context context) {
    //init
    response.setContentType("text/html; charset=UTF-8");
    response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

    //prepare function page
    ProcessSubPage page = null;
    ProcessSubPage mainPage = new HomeSubPage();
    String requestFunctionName = (String) request.getParameter("name");
    boolean logined = false;

    String loginaccount = (String) request.getSession(true).getAttribute(
      "loginaccount");
    if (loginaccount != null) {
      logined = true;
    }

    //default page is mainpage
    page = mainPage;
    if (requestFunctionName == null||requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("home")) {
      page = mainPage;
    }

    //no login , can use these page
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("login")) {
      page = new LoginProcessSubPage();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("ChangePassword")) {
      page = new ChangePasswordSubPage();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("ForgetPassword")) {
      page = new ForgetPassword();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("about")) {
      page = new AboutSubPage();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("contact")) {
      page = new ContactSubPage();
    }


    //for other page, need login first
    else if (logined == false) {
      page = new LoginProcessSubPage();
    }

    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("listProgram")) {
      page = new ListTransactionProgramSubPage();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase(
      "ViewProgramItem")) {
      page = new ViewTransactionProgramItemSubPage();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase(
      "UpdateProgramObjStatus")) {
      page = new UpdateTransactionProgramObjStatusSubPage();
    }
    else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase(
      "Search")) {
      page = new SearchSubPage();
    }

    //check if this is administrator
    else if (Utilities.isAdministratorLogined(request)) {
      //Utilities.debugPrintln("isAdministratorLogined : true");
      if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase("usermanagement")) {
        page = new UserManagementSubPage();
      }
      else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase(
        "UploadFiles")) {
        page = new UploadFilesSubPage();
      }
      else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase(
        "DownloadFile")) {
        page = new DownloadFileSubPage();
      }
      else if (requestFunctionName.equalsIgnoreCase(
        "Report")) {
        page = new ReportSubPage();
      }

    }
    else {
      //no right to access.
      //Utilities.debugPrintln("isAdministratorLogined : false");
      page = null;
    }
    //Utilities.debugPrintln("page : " + page.getClass().getName());

    if(page != null){
      context.put("function_page",
            page.getHtml(this, request, response, context));
    }else{
      String msg = "Sorry, this module is for administrator only.
You are not administrator.";
      context.put("function_page",msg);
    }
    
    context.put("page_header",getPageHeaderHTML());
    context.put("page_footer",getPageFooterHTML());

    Template template = null;
    try {
      template = getTemplate("/templates/Modules.htm"); //good
    }
    catch (ResourceNotFoundException rnfe) {
      Utilities.debugPrintln("ResourceNotFoundException 2");
      rnfe.printStackTrace();
    }
    catch (ParseErrorException pee) {
      Utilities.debugPrintln("ParseErrorException2 " + pee.getMessage());
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      Utilities.debugPrintln("Exception2 " + e.getMessage());
    }

    return template;
  }

  /**
   * Loads the configuration information and returns that information as a Properties, e
   * which will be used to initializ the Velocity runtime.
   */
  protected java.util.Properties loadConfiguration(ServletConfig config) throws
    java.io.IOException, java.io.FileNotFoundException {
    return Utilities.initServletEnvironment(this);

  }

}

		

2) ProcessSubPage.java , 比较简单,只定义了一个函数接口 getHtml


import javax.servlet.http.*;
import org.apache.velocity.context.*;
import org.apache.velocity.servlet.*;
import commontools.*;

public abstract class ProcessSubPage implements java.io.Serializable {
  public ProcessSubPage() {
  }

  public String getHtml(VelocityServlet servlet, HttpServletRequest request,
             HttpServletResponse response,
             Context context) {
    Utilities.debugPrintln(
      "you need to override this method in sub class of ProcessSubPage:"
      + this.getClass().getName());
    return "Sorry, this module not finish yet.";
  }

}
		

他的 .java 文件基本上是 ProcessSubPage 的子类和一些工具类。 ProcessSubPage 的子类基本上都是一样的流程, 用类似context.put("page_footer",getPageFooterHTML())的写法置换 .html 中的可变部分即可。如果没有可变部分,完全是静态网页,比如 AboutSubPage, 就更简单。

3) AboutSubPage.java


import org.apache.velocity.servlet.VelocityServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.velocity.context.Context;

public class AboutSubPage extends ProcessSubPage {
  public AboutSubPage() {
  }

  public String getHtml(VelocityServlet servlet, HttpServletRequest request,
             HttpServletResponse response, Context context) {
    //prepare data
    //context.put("xxx","xxxx");         
             
    Template template = null;
    String fileName = "About.htm";
    try {
      template = servlet.getTemplate(fileName);
      StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
      template.merge(context, sw);
      return sw.toString();
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
      return "error get template " + fileName + " " + ex.getMessage();
    }
  }
}
		

其他 ProcessSubPage 的子类如上面基本类似,只不过会多了一些 context.put("xxx","xxxx") 的语句。

通过以上的例子,我们可以看到,使用 Velocity + Servlet , 所有的代码为: 1 个 java serverlet + m 个 java class + n 个 Html 文件

这里是用了集中处理,然后分发(dispatch)的机制。不用担心用户在没有登陆的情况下访问某些页面。用户验证,页眉页脚包含都只写一次,易于编写、修改和维护。代码比较简洁,并且很容易加上自己的页面缓冲功能。可以随意将某个页面的 html 在内存中保存起来,缓存几分钟,实现页面缓冲功能。成功、出错页面也可以用同样的代码封装成函数,通过参数将 Message/Title 传入即可。

因为 Java 代码与 Html 代码完全在不同的文件中,美工与java代码人员可以很好的分工,每个人修改自己熟悉的文件,基本上不需要花时间做协调工作。而用 JSP, 美工与java代码人员共同修改维护 .jsp 文件,麻烦多多,噩梦多多。而且这里没有用 xml ,说实话,懂 xml/xls 之类的人只占懂 Java 程序员中的几分之一,人员不好找。

因为所有 java 代码人员写的都是标准 Java 程序,可以用任何 Java 编辑器,调试器,因此开发速度也会大大提高。美工写的是标准 Html 文件,没有 xml, 对于他们也很熟悉,速度也很快。并且,当需要网站改版的时候,只要美工把 html 文件重新修饰排版即可,完全不用改动一句 java 代码。

爽死了!!

4) 工具类 Utilities.java


import java.io.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.naming.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import org.apache.velocity.*;
import org.apache.velocity.app.*;
import org.apache.velocity.context.Context;
import org.apache.velocity.servlet.*;

public class Utilities {
  private static Properties m_servletConfig = null;

  private Utilities() {
  }

  static {
    initJavaMail();
  }

  public static void debugPrintln(Object o) {
    String msg = "proj debug message at " + getNowTimeString() +
      " ------------- ";
    System.err.println(msg + o);
  }

  public static Properties initServletEnvironment(VelocityServlet v) {
    // init only once
    if (m_servletConfig != null) {
      return m_servletConfig;
    }

    //debugPrintln("initServletEnvironment....");

    try {
      /*
       * call the overridable method to allow the
       * derived classes a shot at altering the configuration
       * before initializing Runtime
       */
      Properties p = new Properties();

      ServletConfig config = v.getServletConfig();

      // Set the Velocity.FILE_RESOURCE_LOADED_PATH property
      // to the root directory of the context.
      String path = config.getServletContext().getRealPath("/");
      //debugPrintln("real path of / is : " + path);
      p.setProperty(Velocity.FILE_RESOURCE_LOADER_PATH, path);

      // Set the Velocity.RUNTIME_LOG property to be the file
      // velocity.log relative to the root directory
      // of the context.
      p.setProperty(Velocity.RUNTIME_LOG, path +
             "velocity.log");
// Return the Properties object.
//return p;

      Velocity.init(p);
      m_servletConfig = p;
      return p;
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      debugPrintln(e.getMessage());
      //throw new ServletException("Error initializing Velocity: " + e);
    }
    return null;

    //this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/");
  }

  private static void initJavaMail() {
  }

  public static Connection getDatabaseConnection() {
    Connection con = null;
    try {
      InitialContext initCtx = new InitialContext();
      javax.naming.Context context = (javax.naming.Context) initCtx.
        lookup("java:comp/env");
      javax.sql.DataSource ds = (javax.sql.DataSource) context.lookup(
        "jdbc/TestDB");
      //Utilities.debugPrintln("ds = " + ds);
      con = ds.getConnection();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      Utilities.debugPrintln("Exception = " + e.getMessage());
      return null;
    }
    //Utilities.debugPrintln("con = " + con);
    return con;
  }

  public static java.sql.ResultSet excuteDbQuery(Connection con, String sql,
    Object[] parameters) {
    //Exception err = null;
    //Utilities.debugPrintln("excuteDbQuery" + parameters[0] + " ,sql=" + sql);

    try {
      java.sql.PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql);
      for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
        processParameter(ps, i + 1, parameters[i]);
      }
      return ps.executeQuery();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      //Utilities.debugPrintln(e.getMessage());
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
  }

  public static void excuteDbUpdate(String sql, Object[] parameters) {
    Connection con = Utilities.getDatabaseConnection();
    excuteDbUpdate(con, sql, parameters);
    closeDbConnection(con);
  }

  public static void excuteDbUpdate(Connection con, String sql,
                   Object[] parameters) {
    Exception err = null;
    try {
      java.sql.PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(sql);
      for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
        processParameter(ps, i + 1, parameters[i]);
      }
      ps.execute();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      err = e;
      //Utilities.debugPrintln(err.getMessage());
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }

  private static void processParameter(java.sql.PreparedStatement ps,
                     int index, Object parameter) {
    try {
      if (parameter instanceof String) {
        ps.setString(index, (String) parameter);
      }
      else {
        ps.setObject(index, parameter);
      }
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      //Utilities.debugPrintln(e.getMessage());
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }

  public static void closeDbConnection(java.sql.Connection con) {
    try {
      con.close();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      Utilities.debugPrintln(e.getMessage());
    }
  }

  public static String getResultPage(
    String title, String message, String jumpLink,
    VelocityServlet servlet, HttpServletRequest request,
    HttpServletResponse response, Context context) {

    Template template = null;

    context.put("MessageTitle", title);
    context.put("ResultMessage", message);
    context.put("JumpLink", jumpLink);

    try {
      template = servlet.getTemplate(
        "/templates/Message.htm");
      StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
      template.merge(context, sw);
      return sw.toString();
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
      return "error get template Message.htm " + ex.getMessage();
    }

  }

  public static String mergeTemplate(String fileName, VelocityServlet servlet,
                    Context context) {
    Template template = null;

    try {
      template = servlet.getTemplate(fileName);
      StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
      template.merge(context, sw);
      return sw.toString();
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
      return "error get template " + fileName + " " + ex.getMessage();
    }
  }

}
		

注意:基于排版的需要,代码中使用了中文全角空格。如果要复制代码,请在复制后进行文字替换。

 

 

欢迎转载,转载请注明出处: https://www.zheguisoft.com/staff_blogs/jacklondon_chen/2004, 及 https://blog.csdn.net/jacklondon/article/details/14266?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501

 

 

 


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